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Health science is the discipline of applied science which deals with human and animal health. There are two parts to health science: the study, research, and knowledge of health and the application of that knowledge to improve health, cure diseases, and understanding how humans and animals function. Research builds on the pure sciences of biology, chemistry, and physics as well as social sciences (for example medical sociology).

Historical overview

Acquisition of health-related knowledge

See Medical research.

Application of health-related knowledge

Health delivery

There are a large number of health professions. The terms medicine or biomedicine, and medical doctor or M.D. refer to dominant conventional practices in the West.

There are a wide range of traditional areas of health science. The most common areas are: medicine, nursing, midwifery, and various forms of therapy to supplement the healing process and restore proper activity (e.g. Dietetics, recreational, physical, occupational, speech, and respiratory). Health science includes both the study and application of preventing and curing human diseases and disorders. Medical doctors include physicians and surgeons. There are many different branches of medicine; the other health care professions also have specialties or focus on specific populations or settings of care. Public health studies the effect of environmental factors such as available health care resources on the health of the general population, often focusing on particular populations, such as mothers and children. Dietitians educate people about proper nutrition, particularly specific dietary needs of populations such as people with diabetes, breastfeeding women, and people with celiac disease. Other less common medical areas include first aid and triage.

Dental health has grown in importance in recent decades making dentistry a major field of health sciences. Counselling, hospice care, home care, nutrition, medical social work, alternative medicine, pharmacology, and toxicology are all considered part of health science.

Veterinary medicine is the health science dedicated exclusively to the care of animals. Veterinary medicine is involved in preventing and curing animal diseases and disorders, inspecting animal originated food (like milk and meat) and animal husbandry.

Contemporary themes

Because health science deals with human life, issues of medical ethics, an important area of ethics, arise frequently. Medical ethics includes questions on topics such as a patient's right to privacy. Euthanasia, abortion, human cloning, stem cell research and genetic engineering are especially controversial issues directly related to health science.

Health practices

Conventional Western practices

*Allopathic medicine
*Athletic training
*Dentistry
*Dietetics
*Epidemiology
*Genetic counseling
*Medical physics
*Medicine
*Nursing
*Nutrition
*Occupational therapy
*Optometry
*Osteopathic medicine (Note: Osteopathy, as practiced in most countries other than the USA, is listed under complementary and alternative practices below)
*Pharmacology
*Physical therapy (physiotherapy)
*Psychoanalysis
*Psychotherapy, including Cognitive therapy
*Public health
*Physical education
*Speech-Language Pathology
*Surgery, including anaesthesiology
*Veterinary medicine

Complementary and alternative medicine

*Alexander Technique
*Chiropractic
*Herbalism
*Holistic health
*Homeopathy
*Hypnosis
*Massage therapy
*Natural medicine
*Naturopathic medicine
*Orthomolecular medicine
*Osteopathy (Note: Osteopathic medicine as practiced in the USA is listed under traditonal western practices above)

Spiritually-based healing

*Christian Science
*Faith healing
*Johrei
*Maharishi Vedic Medicine
*Shamanism

Traditional medicine and folk medicine

*Ayurveda
*Folk medicine
*Medical herbalism
*Native American traditional healing
*Shamanism
*Traditional Chinese medicine, including acupuncture
*Traditional Korean medicine

Health practices of historical interest

*Blood letting
*Heroic medicine
*Magnet therapy
*Medieval medicine
*Patent medicine
*Phrenology
*Trepanation

External links and references

*Biopolis - a centre for biomedical sciences in Asia and the world
*Health books
*Links to Health Professions Websites
*National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
*The US National Library of Medicine
*Biomedical News on Stem Cell Research

ast:Ciencies de la Salú